On the other hand, multi-integrated energy microgrid systems typically use fixed electricity pricing mechanisms for energy transactions with the grid or shared energy storage, which significantly discourages system members from actively participating in demand response and energy interactions.
In addition, we set the average retail electricity and natural gas prices to be $90 and $40. The lower and upper bound of electricity and natural gas prices are $60, $110, and $15, $60, respectively. The optimal retail electricity and natural gas prices for each microgrid are generally much larger than the wholesale prices.
This paper proposes a customized multi-energy pricing scheme for an energy retailer that manages multiple microgrids in smart grids. A single-leader multi-follower bilevel model is formulated to model the interactions between the retailer and microgrids, and solved by a PSO-based algorithm.
Through a numerical case study, we corroborate that microgrids with different CHP electricity conversion efficiency can significantly differentiate the retailer's pricing decisions. It also shows that microgrids with higher CHP electricity conversion efficiencies incur lower operation costs.
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