Voltage output directly from solar panels can be significantly higher than the voltage from the controller to the battery. Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp). The is the voltage when the solar panel produces its maximum power output; we have the maximum power voltage and current here. Here is the setup of a solar panel:
Example: A nominal 12V voltage solar panel has an open circuit voltage of 20.88V. This sounds a bit weird, but it's really not. Voltage output directly from solar panels can be significantly higher than the voltage from the controller to the battery. Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp).
Many modern MPPT controllers accept a wide voltage range (e.g., 12–60V input) and can automatically optimize for maximum power output. Even though solar panels can output 18–44 volts, most batteries charge at 12.8V–29V. To prevent overcharging and damage, you need a voltage regulator or charge controller. Simpler, lower cost.
These solar panel voltages include: Nominal Voltage. This is your typical voltage we put on solar panels; ranging from 12V, 20V, 24V, and 32V solar panels. Open Circuit Voltage (VOC). This is the maximum rated voltage under direct sunlight if the circuit is open (no current running through the wires).
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As we can see, solar panels produce a significantly higher voltage (VOC) than the nominal voltage. The actually solar panel output voltage also changes with the sunlight the solar panels are
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